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Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2017Our understanding of the metabolic roles of sex steroids in men has evolved substantially over recent decades. Whereas testosterone once was believed to contribute to... (Review)
Review
Our understanding of the metabolic roles of sex steroids in men has evolved substantially over recent decades. Whereas testosterone once was believed to contribute to metabolic risk in men, the importance of adequate androgen exposure for the maintenance of metabolic health has been demonstrated unequivocally. A growing body of evidence now also supports a critical role for estrogens in metabolic regulation in men. Recent data from clinical intervention studies indicate that estradiol may be a stronger determinant of adiposity than testosterone in men, and even short-term estradiol deprivation contributes to fat mass accrual. The following chapter will outline findings to date regarding the mechanisms, whereby estrogens contribute to the regulation of body weight and adiposity in men. It will present emergent clinical data as well as preclinical findings that reveal mechanistic insights into estrogen-mediated regulation of body composition. Findings in both males and females will be reviewed, to draw comparisons and to highlight knowledge gaps regarding estrogen action specifically in males. Finally, the clinical relevance of estrogen exposure in men will be discussed, particularly in the context of a rising global prevalence of obesity and expanding clinical use of sex steroid-based therapies in men.
Topics: Adiposity; Animals; Anti-Obesity Agents; Body Weight; Energy Metabolism; Estrogens; Humans; Male; Mice; Mutation; Obesity; Sex Factors
PubMed: 29224100
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_14 -
Clinical Nutrition ESPEN Dec 2021The Ideal Body Weight (IBW) model has provided dietitians and researchers with a quick method of risk assessment but is known to be imperfect. IBW formulas were...
BACKGROUND & AIMS
The Ideal Body Weight (IBW) model has provided dietitians and researchers with a quick method of risk assessment but is known to be imperfect. IBW formulas were developed from anthropometric measurements of life-insurance policy holders obtained between 1885 and 1908, providing statistics of mortality, organized by sex and age. Actuaries of the U.S. life insurance companies published data on the impact of overweight/obese status and mortality risk. Research of the same era repeatedly revealed either no significance or an inverse relationship. The intent of this text is to draw attention to the complexity and overall discussion of utility of the IBW method.
METHODS
Reviewed relevant literature from the development of IBW through the recent findings in 2014.
RESULTS
Height, weight, and frame fail to consider comorbidities and genetics. IBW formulas assume that weight increases as a linear function of height. Weight has been shown to increase not just as a function of height, but also of volume: body width, trunk length, and musculature. Depending on standards of practice, several equations may be used.
CONCLUSIONS
The IBW model is utilized but not limited to creating enteral and parenteral feeding plans, avoiding malnutrition, aiding weight management, identifying transplant eligibility, and determining inclusion or exclusion from research studies. Socially, the significance around "ideal" can impact a weight-centric mentality and negatively affect a large portion of the population. Every individual has a distinct "ideal" body weight based on genetics, environment and lifestyle, which could be represented and assessed effectively with new tools.
Topics: Body Height; Body Weight; Humans; Ideal Body Weight; Obesity; Parenteral Nutrition
PubMed: 34857204
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.09.746 -
Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics May 2024Obesity is a global health issue that has grown to epidemic proportions. According to World Health Organisation (WHO), overweight and obesity are responsible for more... (Review)
Review
Obesity is a global health issue that has grown to epidemic proportions. According to World Health Organisation (WHO), overweight and obesity are responsible for more than 1.2 million deaths in Europe each year, representing > 13% of the region's total mortality. Highly processed, calorie-dense foods and reduced physical activity are considered as primary drivers of obesity, but genetic predisposition also plays a significant role. Notably, obesity is more prevalent in women than in men in most countries, and several obesity-related comorbidities exhibit sex-specific pathways. Treatment indication depends on BMI (body mass index), as well as existing comorbidities and risk factors. To reduce obesity-associated comorbidities, a permanent reduction in body weight of (at least) 5-10% is recommended. Treatment guidelines suggest an escalating stepwise approach including lifestyle intervention, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric-metabolic surgery. As cumulative evidence suggests differences in weight loss outcomes, there is growing interest in sex-specific considerations in obesity management. However, most trials do not report weight loss or changes in body composition separately for women and men. Here, we discuss state-of-the-art obesity management and focus on current data about the impact of sex on weight loss outcomes.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Obesity; Body Weight; Overweight; Bariatric Surgery; Weight Loss
PubMed: 38329549
DOI: 10.1007/s00404-023-07367-0 -
British Journal of Anaesthesia Nov 2022Postpartum haemorrhage continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the obstetric population worldwide, especially in patients at extremes of body... (Review)
Review
Postpartum haemorrhage continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the obstetric population worldwide, especially in patients at extremes of body weight. Quantification of blood loss has been considered extensively in the literature. However, these volumes must be contextualised to appreciate the consequences of blood loss for individual parturients. Knowledge of a patient's peripartum circulating blood volume is essential to allow accurate interpretation of the significance of haemorrhage and appropriate resuscitation. Greater body weight in obesity can lead to overestimation of blood volume, resulting in inappropriately high thresholds for blood product transfusion and delays in treatment. The most recent Mothers and Babies: Reducing Risk through Audits and Confidential Enquiries across the UK (MBRRACE-UK) surveillance report demonstrated the risk to this population, with more than half of all maternal mortality recorded in parturients who were either overweight or obese. Current linear calculations used to estimate circulating blood volumes based on patients' weights could be contributing to this phenomenon, as blood volume increases at a disproportional rate to body composition. In this review, we summarise the relevant physiology and explore the existing literature on the estimation of circulating blood volume, both during pregnancy and in obesity. Building on key works and principal findings, we present a practical, nonlinear approach to the adjustment of estimated blood volume with increasing body mass. This clinical tool aims to reduce the clinical bias influencing the management of obstetric haemorrhage in a population already at increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Discussion of the limitations of this approach and the call for further research within this field completes this review.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Postpartum Hemorrhage; Body Weight; Obesity; Blood Transfusion; Blood Volume
PubMed: 36167682
DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2022.08.011 -
Public Health Nutrition Apr 2015
Topics: Body Weight; Culturally Competent Care; Diet; Evidence-Based Medicine; Health Status Disparities; Humans; Obesity; Overweight; Socioeconomic Factors; Thinness; Vulnerable Populations
PubMed: 25710706
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980015000233 -
Current Atherosclerosis Reports Mar 2021Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a form of intermittent fasting that involves confining the eating window to 4-10 h and fasting for the remaining hours of the day. The... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a form of intermittent fasting that involves confining the eating window to 4-10 h and fasting for the remaining hours of the day. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current literature pertaining to the effects of TRE on body weight and cardiovascular disease risk factors.
RECENT FINDINGS
Human trial findings show that TRE reduces body weight by 1-4% after 1-16 weeks in individuals with obesity, relative to controls with no meal timing restrictions. This weight loss results from unintentional reductions in energy intake (~350-500 kcal/day) that occurs when participants confine their eating windows to 4-10 h/day. TRE is also effective in lowering fat mass, blood pressure, triglyceride levels, and markers of oxidative stress, versus controls. This fasting regimen is safe and produces few adverse events. These findings suggest that TRE is a safe diet therapy that produces mild reductions in body weight and also lowers several key indicators of cardiovascular disease in participants with obesity.
Topics: Body Weight; Energy Intake; Fasting; Humans; Obesity; Weight Loss
PubMed: 33772388
DOI: 10.1007/s11883-021-00922-7 -
BMC Medicine Nov 2022Added flavors are a marker for ultra-processing of food and a strong link exists between the intake of ultra-processed food and the development of obesity. The objective...
BACKGROUND
Added flavors are a marker for ultra-processing of food and a strong link exists between the intake of ultra-processed food and the development of obesity. The objective of the present article is to assess animal and human data elucidating the impact of added flavors on the regulation of food intake and body weight gain, as well as to define areas for future research.
MAIN TEXT
Mechanistic studies suggest that added flavors induce overeating and body weight gain by two independent mechanisms: Added flavors promote hedonic eating and override homeostatic control of food intake, as well as disrupt flavor-nutrient learning and impair the ability to predict nutrients in food items. Supporting these potential mechanisms, added flavors increase feed intake and body weight as compared to non-flavored control diets in a broad range of animal studies. They are actively promoted by feed additive manufacturers as useful tools to improve palatability, feed intake, and performance parameters. In humans, added flavors are extensively tested concerning toxicity; however, no data exist concerning their impact on food intake and body weight.
CONCLUSIONS
Added flavors are potential contributors to the obesity epidemic and further studies focusing on their role in humans are urgently required. These studies include obesity interventions specifically targeting food items with added flavors and cohort studies on independent associations between added flavor intake and metabolic, as well as cardiovascular, morbidity, and mortality.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Weight Gain; Obesity; Eating; Body Weight; Fast Foods
PubMed: 36319974
DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02619-3 -
CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics Jan 2012Weight gain is on the rise in the United States as is the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. These two phenomena are distinctly separate but tend to overlap in... (Review)
Review
Weight gain is on the rise in the United States as is the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. These two phenomena are distinctly separate but tend to overlap in that most psychotropic agents approved for use in the United States are associated with the potential to induce weight gain. Metabolic disorders such as diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension are also on the rise and often associated with weight gain and clearly associated with certain psychotropic medications. This article serves to provide a succinct review regarding the epidemiology, etiology, and treatment options for psychotropic-induced obesity.
Topics: Body Weight; Humans; Metabolic Diseases; Obesity; Psychotropic Drugs; United States
PubMed: 22070396
DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2011.00232.x -
Annals of Medicine Aug 2014The past few decades have witnessed a rapid rise in nutrition-related disorders such as obesity in the United States and over the world. Traditional nutrition research... (Review)
Review
The past few decades have witnessed a rapid rise in nutrition-related disorders such as obesity in the United States and over the world. Traditional nutrition research has associated various foods and nutrients with obesity. Recent advances in genomics have led to identification of the genetic variants determining body weight and related dietary factors such as intakes of energy and macronutrients. In addition, compelling evidence has lent support to interactions between genetic variations and dietary factors in relation to obesity and weight change. Moreover, recently emerging data from other 'omics' studies such as epigenomics and metabolomics suggest that more complex interplays between the global features of human body and dietary factors may exist at multiple tiers in affecting individuals' susceptibility to obesity; and a concept of 'personalized nutrition' has been proposed to integrate this novel knowledge with traditional nutrition research, with the hope ultimately to endorse person-centric diet intervention to mitigate obesity and related disorders.
Topics: Body Weight; Energy Intake; Epigenomics; Genetic Variation; Genomics; Humans; Metabolomics; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Obesity
PubMed: 24716734
DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2014.891802 -
Current Opinion in Endocrinology,... Oct 2018To provide current information on interventions that alter food cravings. Specifically, dietary, physical activity, pharmacologic, and bariatric surgery interventions... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
To provide current information on interventions that alter food cravings. Specifically, dietary, physical activity, pharmacologic, and bariatric surgery interventions are examined. Lastly, the effects of social determinants and current controversies on food cravings are outlined.
RECENT FINDINGS
Dietary, pharmacologic, and bariatric surgery weight loss interventions decrease food cravings. Physical activity interventions also decrease cravings. There is potential to see differential responses in food cravings in different demographic and socioeconomic groups, but more research is needed.
SUMMARY
Food cravings influence body weight. Food craving reductions are because of reductions in the frequency of consuming craved foods, independent of energy content, but further research is warranted. Most findings continue to support the conditioning model of food cravings.
Topics: Bariatric Surgery; Body Weight; Conditioning, Psychological; Craving; Diet; Feeding Behavior; Food Preferences; Humans; Obesity; Weight Loss
PubMed: 30048258
DOI: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000434